Because all of the results in all three sets are included, they are all represented using the same blue colour. In the example, since the OR operator is being used, the search finds all of the hits containing any of terms and combines them all into one large pool of results. Some of the hits also contain one or both of the other search terms and this is represented by the overlapping of the circles. In the diagram that follows, three different related terms are being searched: comics shown by the circle in the upper left, graphic novels shown by the circle in the upper right, with manga shown by the circle at the bottom of the diagram. Each term is searched separately and all of the relevant hits (articles, books etcetera identified in the database as containing that term) are grouped into separate sets, one set per term as represented by each circle. More than one can be present.Ī Venn diagram (also known as a set diagram) can visually display how a database’s search engine handles search terms and the Boolean operators. Any one of the search terms must be present. theatre OR theater) of a word into one search. The operator OR is used to combine synonyms and variant spellings (e.g. The operator OR is used to broaden a search by combining two or more variables into one set. In this example, the small, almost triangular-shaped orange patch labelled AND in the centre of the diagram represents the relatively small subset of hits that contain all three concepts: graphic novels AND teaching AND shakespeare.Įxample of a Venn diagram using the AND operator and three distinct concepts: graphic novels AND teaching AND shakespeare “ graphic novels AND teaching AND shakespeare” by Aaron Tucker & Paul Chafe, is licensed under CC BY 4.0 The OR Operator All three circles overlap to some extent since one, two, or all three keywords may be applied to the same articles, books etcetera in the database. In this example the set of hits dealing with Shakespeare are represented by the blue-coloured circle shown beneath the pinkish circle representing graphic novels and the yellowish circle representing teaching. The following Venn diagram demonstrates what happens when you modify the search used in the previous example by adding a third keyword: Shakespeare. This will narrow your results considerably because it is more precise. If you decide that you still have too many results when you searched for only two concepts, you can refine your search by adding a third distinct concept. The AND operator is the most commonly used Boolean operator.Įxample Venn diagram using the AND operator: graphic novels AND teaching “ graphic novels AND teaching” by Aaron Tucker & Paul Chafe is licensed under CC BY 4.0 It is labelled AND because it represents the portion of the hits from the two concepts that contain both the first AND the second concept. This subset is shown in the diagram in the orange portion where the two circles or sets overlap. The two sets of searches overlap since a small number of the hits contain both graphic novels AND teaching. A second, yellowish-coloured circle on the right, represents all of the hits that contain the word teaching. On the left, the pinkish-coloured circle labelled graphic novels represents the hits (articles, books etcetera in the database) that contain the words graphic novels. For simplicity, the example depicted by the Venn diagram that follows contains only two key concepts and no synonyms or related terms. The operator AND is used to narrow or focus a search by finding a subset of results containing all of the keywords or search terms.
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